ADVANCED ENGLISH II
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM
MARITZA LOPEZ
MERLY TATIANA COY
YOERLY MURCIA
MAGDA HERNANDEZ
GROUP 11
22 OF NOVEMBER 2018
jueves, 22 de noviembre de 2018
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Environmental problems are universal. We can observe that there is a staggering pressure on global resources. Population is constantly raising while the awareness is constantly decreasing. Air pollution, water pollution among others are the result of lack Education on environment endangers our health and our future. Toxic gases emitted by factories, traffic jam, burning forests affect our earth and is causing damage. Today, is the moment of finding a way to solve social and environmental problems and learn to live sustainably, in this way begins to become important the term of Education for Sustainable Development playing an important role in the society since it has been used since the end of the 20th century together to meet concerns about environmental education. (Jari Kukkonen, 2012)...
In the recent times, air pollution has been a rising concern among people all across the globe with pollution, at times, leading to thick veil of smog over developed cities; Air pollution is a mixture of natural and man-made substances in the air we breathe. It refers to the release of pollutants into the air that are detrimental to human health and the planet as a whole.
It is probably one of the most dangerous anthropogenic effects on the environment, since we cannot control the air we breathe (though we may be able to control the quality of drinking water, food, etc.).
The Air Pollution in the Cities
AIR POLLUTION IN THE CITIES
Most
cities world-wide suffer from serious air-quality problems, which have received
increasing attention in the past decade. A major probable reason for the
air-quality problems is urban population growth, combined with change in land
use due to increasing urban areas. Air quality in cities is the result of a
complex interaction between natural and anthropogenic environmental conditions.
Air pollution in cities is a serious environmental problem especially in the
developing countries. The air pollution path of the urban atmosphere consists
of emission and transmission of air pollutants resulting in the ambient air
pollution.
“Emission
of air pollutants is caused by di!erent anthropogenic processes which can be
categorised into the source groups motor traffic, industry, power plants,
trade, and domestic fuel...Hence, it follows that motor vehicle traffc seems to
be the most important motor traffic is a major source of air
pollution...As cities expand, more people will drive more vehicles over greater
distances and for longer time. Emissions of air pollutants by motor traffic
depends on diferent factors such as traffic density, driving habits or ratio of
automobiles to trucks (Fig. 2)...Dispersion and dilution of air pollutants are strongly
influenced by meteorological conditions, especially by wind direction, wind
speed, turbulence, and atmospheric stability. Topographical siting and urban
structures. Chemical reactions also depend on ambient weather conditions
because they are influenced by shortwave radiation, air temperature, and air
humidity. Along with chemical reactions, dispersion and dilution processes
result in ambient air pollution which shows concentrations of diferent
substances varying with regard to time and space..."(Mayer, H. (1999). Air pollution in cities. Atmospheric
environment, 33(24-25),
4029-4037)
Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of the air pollution path in the atmosphere
ALTERNATIVE MEASURE FOR OUR CITY
Lack of
social commitment on the levels of pollution produced by the cars and their
concentration distributed in the urban territory, requires making the pertinent
measurements and studies in order to take specific measures.
AIR POLLUTION IN THE CITIES
Most
cities world-wide suffer from serious air-quality problems, which have received
increasing attention in the past decade. A major probable reason for the
air-quality problems is urban population growth, combined with change in land
use due to increasing urban areas. Air quality in cities is the result of a
complex interaction between natural and anthropogenic environmental conditions.
Air pollution in cities is a serious environmental problem especially in the
developing countries. The air pollution path of the urban atmosphere consists
of emission and transmission of air pollutants resulting in the ambient air
pollution.
“Emission
of air pollutants is caused by di!erent anthropogenic processes which can be
categorised into the source groups motor traffic, industry, power plants,
trade, and domestic fuel...Hence, it follows that motor vehicle traffc seems to
be the most important motor traffic is a major source of air
pollution...As cities expand, more people will drive more vehicles over greater
distances and for longer time. Emissions of air pollutants by motor traffic
depends on diferent factors such as traffic density, driving habits or ratio of
automobiles to trucks (Fig. 2)...Dispersion and dilution of air pollutants are strongly
influenced by meteorological conditions, especially by wind direction, wind
speed, turbulence, and atmospheric stability. Topographical siting and urban
structures. Chemical reactions also depend on ambient weather conditions
because they are influenced by shortwave radiation, air temperature, and air
humidity. Along with chemical reactions, dispersion and dilution processes
result in ambient air pollution which shows concentrations of diferent
substances varying with regard to time and space..."(Mayer, H. (1999). Air pollution in cities. Atmospheric
environment, 33(24-25),
4029-4037)
|
| Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of the air pollution path in the atmosphere |
ALTERNATIVE MEASURE FOR OUR CITY
Lack of
social commitment on the levels of pollution produced by the cars and their
concentration distributed in the urban territory, requires making the pertinent
measurements and studies in order to take specific measures.
In the
sector of the city of Pitalito - Huila, the use for vehicles (at least those of
public service) of a gas catalyst, which controls their emission into the
environment, is mandatory. This measure must be thoroughly studied by the local
Transit and Transportation office, so that the appropriate mechanisms and
incentives for its implementation and control are created, mainly in old
vehicles, private vehicles and those that arrive on a temporary basis. to the
municipality. It is proposed as a pertinent measure that the municipality
obliges the owners and drivers of the vehicles to carry a synchronization
certificate with a validity no longer than six (6) months, which will be issued
in an authorized establishment; however, the final approval of this measure
must be sanctioned by the Municipal Council.
sources
AIR POLLUTION SOURCES
The main cause for air pollution is through the burning of
different fuels such as coal, oil and gases. When they burn, there is a
combustion effect that contaminates the environment. In general, the industrial
sector and the different means of transport are mainly responsible for
producing significant quantities of these fuels. Other causes that also affect
the air are the aerosols that leave polluting particles suspended in the air
for long periods of time. The misplaced garbage and some restaurants produce
substances that also pollute the air that circulates. Atomic radiation is one
of the causes that are most avoided because the radioactive particles can
remain in the air for a long time contaminating plants and water, which will
then be consumed by humans and can cause cancer and genetic mutations.
Air pollution comes from different sources. Sometimes
natural processes such as volcanic eruptions produce a series of particles
including ash that produce carbon monoxide. Most of the problem of air
pollution comes from the human hand through the industries and vehicles that
generate oxides of nitrogen, sulfur and carbon monoxide. Aerosols and gases
that can be filtered from refrigeration equipment, paint and other solvents are
also sources of contamination.
Effects
Health Effects of
Pollution
Air pollution is a significant problem globally that affects
human health and well-being, ecosystem health, crops, climate, visibility and
man-made materials. Even if you are healthy, you may feel symptoms temporarily
if exposed to high levels of pollutants. Several scientific studies connect
particle pollution exposure to a variety of health issues, which include:
- Respiratory system: Symptoms such as nose and throat irritation, followed by bronchoconstriction and dyspnea.
- Cardiovascular system: blood coagulation
- Nervous system: memory disturbances sleep disorders, anger, fatigue, hand tremors, blurred vision, and slurred speech.
- Urinary system: stone formation or nephrocalcinosis
- Digestive system: increase in levels of certain enzymes in the blood as well as gastrointestinal and liver cáncer (Mandal, 2005).
- Exposure during pregnancy: can affect the developing fetus.
Given the fundamental importance of ecosystems in climate
change impacts and the significant roles that environmental factors play in
human health, climate change and health research should also focus on the
complex interplay between risk, location, and environmental conditions.
People living in cities are exposed to a greater extent, as
a consequence of increased industrialization and demands for energy and motor
vehicles. Occupational exposure is also an important factor that should be
taken into consideration.
SOLUTIONS
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
1. Minimize the Use of Fossil Fuel-Powered Automobiles.
As a leading contributor to air
pollution, it only makes sense that a vehicle-based solution appears first on
this list. One way to do this is by switching to a hybrid vehicle, or better
yet, one that runs on fully electric.
Other ways include taking public
transportation, carpooling with friends and colleagues, or even riding a bike
to your destination.
2.
Be Mindful of Energy Consumption.
When you’re leaving home, be sure to turn off the lights, TV, and any other
electronic appliances.
Fossil fuel plants are a major cause
of air pollutants, and the less energy you need, the less we have to rely on
those plants to generate electricity.
This also means turning to energy
efficient devices when possible. Fluorescent lightbulbs over the course of their
lifespan can reduce energy consumption while adding significant savings to your
pocket.
3.
Become an Advocate for Clean Energy.
Every day, technology continues to advance that improves the efficiency and
cost of clean energy such as solar, wind, and geothermal. These types of energy
sources create much less air pollution.
Even nuclear is leaps and bounds
better than traditional fossil fuel plants when it comes to air pollution.
Find ways to promote and educate the
public on clean energy alternatives. A small contribution goes a long way in
the grand scheme of things.
4.
Recycle.
Ah, yes. Recycling. Another topic of heated debates. Wherever you stand on the
matter, recycling can help reduce air pollution.
Instead of throwing away used
containers and material, try reusing them or recycling them to be used again by
someone else.
martes, 20 de noviembre de 2018
References
REFERENCES
Air pollution causes, effects, and solutions. (2016,
December 14). Retrieved from: https://www.renewableresourcescoalition.org/air-pollution-causes-effects-solutions/
Romero Placeres, Manuel, Diego Olite, Francisca, & Álvarez Toste, Mireya. (2006). Air pollution: its impact as a health problem. Revista Cubana de Higiene y Epidemiología, 44(2) Recuperado en 21 de noviembre de 2018, de http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1561-30032006000200008&lng=es&tlng=en.
Mayer, H. (1999). Air pollution in cities. Atmospheric
environment, 33(24-25), 4029-4037. Retrieved from:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Helmut_Mayer/publication/223341518_Air_Pollution_in_Cities/links/59d7f0760f7e9b12b361292e/Air-Pollution-in-Cities.pdf
Kampa, M., & Castanas, E. (2008). Human health effects
of air pollution. Environmental pollution, 151(2), 362-367.
Mandal, P.K., 2005. Dioxin: a review of its environmental
effects and its aryl hydrocarbon receptor biology. J. Comp. Physiol. 175, 221
[B].
Jari Kukkonen, S. K. (2012). University Students’
Information Sources of Education for Sustainable Development Issues and Their
Perceptions of Environmental Problems. Obtenido de
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2139/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=b8c26bd3-9f47-4c24-9848-5453ea8251e3%40pdc-v-sessmgr
Mayer, H. (1999). Air
pollution in cities. Atmospheric environment, 33(24-25), 4029-4037.
Retrieved from:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Helmut_Mayer/publication/223341518_Air_Pollution_in_Cities/links/59d7f0760f7e9b12b361292e/Air-Pollution-in-Cities.pdf
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